De+Processor

=Het ontstaan en evolueren van de processor=

De processor of microprocessor (µP) heeft een lange ontwikkelingsfase gehad. De mens is steeds op zoek naar manier om het werk te vereenvoudigen en versnellen. Dit komt wordt vooral duidelijk vanaf de industriële revolutie, 18 en 19de eeuw. Met de komst van de transistor wordt het industriële landschap volledig hertekend. We staan er niet bij stil maar alles wat we vandaag op digitaal gebied kunnen verwezenlijken steunt op deze halfgeleider. Deze werd op 17 november 1947 uitgevonden door John Bardeen, Walter Brattain en William Shockley, die daarvoor in 1956 de Nobelprijs voor natuurkunde kregen. Wat is dat wonderlijke ding, dat de” gehele” wereld op zijn kop zet? Wel bekijk deze foto even.
 * De transistor**

Zoals je ziet is het een vrij kleine component. Deze component wordt op grote schaal geïntegreerd in IC’s (Chips). De huidige processors zijn een voorbeeld van geavanceerd IC’s. Moderne procesoren bevatten [|x-aantal] van deze transitor. Typerend voor deze is dat het een toestand of niveau kan aannemen nl.: hoog of laag. Dit correspondeert dan met een bepaald bitwaarde. Moderne componenten zoals de Floating-gate transistor kan meerdere toestanden per component vasthouden.



Door de uitvinding van de transistor kreeg de ontwikkeling van de processor een andere wending. Belangrijke punten zijn  > Deze snelheid wordt ook aangeduid met MIPS ( Miljon Instruction Per Second). Let wel, dit is slechts een indicatie voor de prestaties van een µP. De complexiteit van de instructies speelt hier zeker ook een rol in. Duidelijk is wel dat het aantal MIPS steeds is toegenomen. ** 1. Tijdlijn van Instructies Per Seconde (IPS) scores **
 * Chips of IC’s ( geïntegreerde circuit)**
 * de grotere snelheid van uitvoeren van instructies.


 * **Processor ** || **IPS ** || **IPS/MHz ** || **Jaar ** || **Bron ** ||
 * Pen en papier (ter vergelijking) || 0.0119 IPS || n/a || 1892 || [1] ||
 * [|Intel 4004]  || 92 kIPS at 740 kHz[2] || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.124 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1971 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|IBM System/370] <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> model 158-3 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1 MIPS || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">? || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1972 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel 8080] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">640 kIPS at 2 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.32 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1974 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|VAX] <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> 11/780 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">500 kIPS || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">? || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1977 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Motorola 68000] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1 MIPS at 8 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.125 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1979 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel 286] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.66 MIPS at 12 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.22 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1982 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[3] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Motorola 68020] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">4 MIPS at 20 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.2 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1984 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|ARM2] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">4 MIPS at 8 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.5 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1986 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Motorola 68030] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">11 MIPS at 33 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.33 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1987 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel 386DX] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">8.5 MIPS at 25 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.34 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1988 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Motorola 68040] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">44 MIPS at 40 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1.1 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1990 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel 486DX] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">54 MIPS at 66 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.818 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1992 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|PowerPC 600s (G2)] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">35 MIPS at 33 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1.06 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1994 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Motorola 68060] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">88 MIPS at 66 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1.33 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1994 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel Pentium Pro] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">541 MIPS at 200 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.705 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1996 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[4] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|ARM 7500FE] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">35.9 MIPS at 40 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">0.897 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1996 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|PowerPC G3] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">525 MIPS at 233 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.253 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1997 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Zilog eZ80] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">80 MIPS at 50 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1.6 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1999 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[5] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel Pentium III] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1,354 MIPS at 500 MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.708 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">1999 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|AMD Athlon Classic] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">3,561 MIPS at 1.2 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.967 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2000 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|AMD Athlon XP 2400+] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">5,935 MIPS at 2.0 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.967 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2002 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Pentium 4 Extreme Edition] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">9,726 MIPS at 3.2 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">3.039 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2003 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|ARM Cortex A8] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2,000 MIPS at 1.0 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.0 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2005 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[6] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">8,800 MIPS at 2.0 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">4.4 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2007 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[7] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|PlayStation 3 Cell BE (alleen de PPE)] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">10,240 MIPS at 3.2 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">3.2 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2006 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|AMD Athlon FX-57] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">12,000 MIPS at 2.8 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">4.285 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2005 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (Dual Core)] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">14,564 MIPS at 2.0 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">7.282 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2005 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[8] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|AMD Athlon FX-60 (Dual Core)] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">18,938 MIPS at 2.6 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">7.283 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2006 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[8] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Xbox360 IBM "Xenon" custom triple-core PowerPC] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">19,200 MIPS at 3.2 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2.0 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2005 || ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel Core 2 X6800] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">27,079 MIPS at 2.93 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">9.242 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2006 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[8] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">49,161 MIPS at 2.66 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">18.481 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2006 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[9] ||
 * <span style="color: #16297f; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[|Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770] <span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">59,455 MIPS at 3.2 GHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">18.580 MIPS/MHz || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">2008 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">[10] ||

> Zoals reeds vermeld is een µP opgebouwd uit vele transistors en andere elektronische componenten ( kleur rood op foto hieronder). Deze moeten onderling met elkaar verbonden worden om een goede werking van de µP te garanderen. Deze verbindingen noemen circuits. Dit zijn fijne baantjes van een sterk geleidend metaal.
 * De omvang van de processor wordt kleiner.


 * De circuits (kleur wit op foto) op de foto zijn duidelijk zichtbaar en hebben een variërende breedte. Bij een µP ligt deze breedte tussen 0,35 en 0,18 micrometer ( een honderdste deel van de dikte van een vel krantenpapier).

De eerste microprocessor van Intel
Eén van de eerst ontwikkelde microprocessoren is i4004, van Intel. Met een databus van 4 bits was dit revolutionair. Vandaag werken we met een woordbreedte van 64 bits. Toch mag je de hedendaagse µP zien als een verfijnde i4004. De grote vernieuwingen zijn: <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Hogere kloksnelheid <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Uitbreiding van de adresbus <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Uitbreiding van de databus <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Uitgebreid en geoptimaliseerd Instructieset
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; msobidifontfamily: Arial;">

Bronnen ** [] [|http://www.circuitsonline.net/forum/view/60232] []

__De processor en zijn kenmerken__
De processor is het hart van de computer. Voor alle handelingen die je op een pc verricht, slaat de processor aan het rekenen. Al die rekenkracht zorg voor heel wat warmte-uitvoer, daarom hoort bij een processor ook een mini-ventilator om die warmte af te voeren.


 * Snelheid**

De snelheid van processoren wordt uitgedrukt in Mhz. Hoe hoger de snelheid, hoe sneller de processor. Maar niet enkel de Mhz vertelt iets over de snelheid van de processor. Andere factoren die de snelheid kunnen beïnvloeden zijn:
 * Cachegeheugen: Cache geheugen is geheugen dat dicht bij of zelfs in de processor zit. In het cache geheugen worden data en instructies opgeslagen die de processor later nodig kan hebben.
 * Pipelining: Een moderne processor voert instructies niet één voor één uit. De processor begint met een instructie en op de volgende kloktik wordt aan een tweede instructie begonnen, enzovoort.
 * Instructies per clocktick: Een betere indicatie van de snelheid van de processor begint zich af te tekenen als je de kloksnelheid samen bekijkt met het aantal instructies dat per clocktick uitgevoerd kan worden.
 * Programma's: Deze kan je zo programmeren dat ze meer geschikt zijn voor het uitgevoerd worden door een bepaalde processor.


 * Merken & soorten**

De bekendste merken van processoren zijn Intel en AMD. Jaar na jaar werden de processoren sneller en sneller:
 * Intel Pentium I
 * Intel Pentium II
 * Intel Pentium III
 * Intel Pentium 4

Naast deze evolutie zijn er nu ook dualcore en quadcore processoren, dit zijn meerdere processoren in 1 computer.

> Dit onderdeel beheert alle functies van de processor. Ze haalt alle instructies uit het geheugen die ze decodeert en uitvoert. > De processor krijgt veel impulsen. Deze moeten echter gesynchroniseerd worden. Daarvoor is er de interne klok. Deze klok bepaalt de verwerkingssnelheid. Bij elke klokslag kan er dus 1 instructie van de processor afgehandeld woerden. > Dit onderdeel voert alle wiskundige en logische bewerkingen uit. Dat gaat ze doen aan de hand van de instructies die ze doorkrijgt van de controle-eenheid. > __Vroeger__: 1 ALU. Deze kon enkel berekeningen uitvoeren met integers. Integers zijn gehele getallen. > __Nu__: een ALU die ook met decimale getallen kan werken. De communicatie tussen de CPU en de chipset is mogelijk gemaakt door __de processorbus__. De processorbus is de snelste bus van het hele systeem. Deze bestaat uit datalijnen, adreslijnen en controlelijnen. De snelheid van deze bus is gelijk aan de externe snelheid van de processor.
 * Componenenten van de processor**
 * __Control Unit__ (of controle-eenheid)
 * __Arithmetic and Logical Unit__ (ALU = rekeneenheid)
 * Communicatie processor - chips**


 * Bronnen**:

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 * [|www.intel.com]
 * Cursus: Systeembeheer en netwerken VVKSO.